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CHEMISTRY
Std.
XI (Syllabus)
Unit
1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
General
Introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry. Historical approach to
particulate nature of matter, laws of
chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory :
concept of elements, atoms and molecules. Atomic and molecular masses mole concept and molar mass : Avogadro's
law and
Avogadro number,
percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and
calculations based on stoichimetry.
Unit
2 : States of Matter : Gases and Liquids
Three states of
matter. Intermolecular interactions, type of bonding. Role of gas laws in elucidating the
concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charles law,
Gay Lussac‟s law. Ideal behaviour, empirical
derivation of gas equation. Ideal gas equation. Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases. Critical temperature. Kinetic energy and molecular
speeds (elementary
idea) Liquid State – Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension
(qualitative idea only,
no mathematical derivations).
Unit
3 : Structure of Atom
Discovery of
electron, proton and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Rutherford's model and its
limitations, Bohr's model and its limitations, concept of shells
and subshells, dual nature of matter and
light, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum
numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals
– Aufbau principle,
Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's
rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half
filled and completely filled orbitals.
Unit
4 : Periodic Table
Significance of
classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern
periodic law and present form
of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic radii, ionic radii. Inert
gas radii nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100. Enthalpy:
Explanation and definition of term. Ionization enthalpy, electron gain
enthalpy, electronegativity,
valence.
Unit
5: Redox Reactions
Concept of oxidation
and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, Balancing redox reactions,
in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number.
Unit
6: Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium in
physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium
constant, factors affecting equilibrium, Le Chatelier's
principle. Ionic equilibrium:
Ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization,
ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH. Hydrolysis of
salts
(elementary idea).
Buffer solutions, solubility product common ion effect (with illustrative examples.) Handerson
equation.
Unit
7 : Surface Chemistry
Adsorption –
physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on
solids; catalysis :
homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis;
colloidal state : distinction
between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; Lyophilic, Lyophobic,
multimolecular and
macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement,
electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsion – types of emulsions. Elementary idea
of nanomaterials.
Unit
8 : Nature of Chemical Bond
Valence electrons,
ionic bond, Born Haber cycle : covalent bond parameters. Lewis
structure, polar character of
covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry
of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s,
p and d orbitals and
shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules
(qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond.
Unit
9 : Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen
in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen;
hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of
water, heavy water.
Hydrogen peroxide- preparation, properties and structure; hydrogen as a fuel. Uses
of
hydrogen peroxide
Unit
10: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
Group
1 and Group 2 elements:
General
introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the
first element of each
group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy,
atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and
halogens; uses. Preparation and properties of some important compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium
hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium.
Calcium oxide and calcium carbonate (CaO) (CaCO3)
and industrial uses of lime
and limestone,
biological importance of Magnesium and Calcium.
Unit
11 : p-Block Elements
Group
Introduction to p-Block Elements
Group
13 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence.
Variation of properties,
oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first
element of the group.
Boron-physical and chemical properties, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron
hydrides. Aluminium; uses, reactions with acids and alkalies.
Group
14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
variation of properties,
oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behavior of first
element.
Carbon – catenation,
allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important Compounds; oxides.
Important compounds of silicon and their uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates
and zeolites and structure of silicates
Unit
12: Basic Principles and Techniques in Organic Chemistry
General
introduction, methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, Classification
and IUPAC nomenclature of
organic compounds. Melting point and boiling point. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond;
inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.Homolytic
and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond; free radicals,carbocations, carbanions;
electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
Unit
13 : Alkanes
Classification of
hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties,
chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and
pyrolysis.
Unit
14 : Alkenes
Nomenclature,
structure of double bond (ethane), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of
preparation. Chemical reactions; addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides
(Markovnikoff‟s addition and peroxide effect) ozonolysis,
oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic
addition.
Unit
15: Alkynes
Nomenclature,
structure of triple bond (ethylene), physical properties. Methods of
preparation, chemical reactions:
acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of – hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen
halides, water.
Unit
16 : Aromatic compounds
Introduction, IUPAC
nomenclature; benzene; resonance aromaticity; chemical properties; mechanism of
electrophilic substitution. – nitration, sulphonaiton, halogenation, Friedel
Craft alkylation and
acylation; Carcinogenicity and toxicity.
UNIT-17:
Environmental chemistry
Environmental
pollution- air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smog,
major atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of
depletion of
ozone layer, green house effect and global warming. Pollution due to industrial
wastes, green
chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control
of environmental
pollution.
Chemistry
Practical Syllabus
Std-XI
A.
Basic Laboratory Techniques
1. Cutting glass
tube and glass rod
2. Bending glass
tube
3. Drawing out a
glass jet
4. Study of burner
5. Operating pinch
cork
B.
Characterization and purification of chemical substances
1. Determination of
melting point of an organic compound. (p-toludine, naphthalene, Oxalic acid, β-naphthol,
resorcinol, benzoic acid.)
2. Determination of
boiling point of an organic compound. (acetone, methyl acetate, acetic acid, xylene (o,m,p),
water)
3. Crystallization
of impure sample of anyone of the following compounds. Alum, copper sulphate, benzoic
acid.
C.
Surface Chemistry
(a) Preparation of
one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol: Lyophilic sol-starch and gum.
Lyophobic
sol–aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arseneous sulphide.
(b) Study of the
role of emulsifying agents in stabilizing the emulsion of oil.
D.
Chemical equilibrium
Any one of the
following experiments:
(a) Study the shift
in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by changing the concentration of
either ion. (b) Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co(H2O)6]2+ and
chloride ions by changing the
concentration of either of the ions.
E.
Experiments related to pH change
(a) Any one of the
following experiments:
Determination of pH
of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, varied concentrations of acids, bases and
salts using pH paper or universal indicator.
Comparing the pH
solutions of strong and weak acid of same concentration.
Study the pH change
in the titration of a strong base using universal indicator.
(b) Study of pH change by common ion effect in
case of weak acids and bases.
F.
Quantitative estimation
Using a chemical
balance.
Preparation of
standard solution of oxalic acid.
Determination of
strength of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating it against standard solution of
oxalic acid.
Preparation of
standard solution of sodium carbonate.
Determination of
strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating It against standard sodium
carbonate solution.
G.
Qualitative analysis
Determination of one
cation and one anion in a given salt:
Cations
– Pb2+,
Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4 +
Anions
– CO32- SO32-
SO42- NO2- NO3- Cl-, Br-,
I-, PO43-
C2O4 2-CH3COO-
(Note:
Insoluble salts excluded)
H.
Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine bromine and iodine in
an organic compound.
PROJECT
Scientific
investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from
other sources.
A
few suggested Projects
1
Checking the bacterial contamination in drinking water by testing sulphide ion.
2
Study of the methods of purification of water.
3
Testing the hardness, presence of iron, fluoride, chloride etc. depending upon
the regional variation
in drinking water and the study of causes of presence of these ions above permissible
limit (if any).
4
Investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect
of addition of
sodium carbonate on them.
5
Study of the acidity of different samples of the tea leaves.
6
Determination of the rate of evaporation of different liquids.
7
Study of the effect of acids and bases on the tensile strength of fibers.
8
Analysis of fruit and vegetable juices for their acidity.
Note: Any other investigatory project can be chosen with the
approval of the teacher.
