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CHEMISTRY
Std. XII
(Syllabus)
Unit 1: Solid
State
Classification of solids based
on different forces; molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids
(elementary idea),unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices,
calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit
cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals,
conductors and semiconductors and insulators and n and p type semiconductors.
Unit 2 :
Solutions and colligative properties
Types of solutions, expression
of concentration of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative
properties –relative lowering of vapor pressure,Raoult’s law elevation of boiling point,
depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using
colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.Van’t
Hoff factor and calculations
involving it.
Unit 3 :
Chemical Thermodynamics and energetic
Concepts of system, types of
systems, surroundings. Work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions.
First law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, Hess law of constant heat summation,
enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation. Phase
transition, ionization, and solution and dilution Introduction of entropy as a
state function, free energy change for spontaneous and non spontaneous processes, and
equilibrium constant. Second and third law of thermodynamics
Unit 4:
Electrochemistry
Redox reactions, conductance in
electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with
concentration, Kohlrausch‟s
Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea),
dry cell –electrolytic and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode
potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, fuel cells; corrosion. Relation
between Gibb’s energy change and emf of a cell.
Unit 5:
Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction (average and
instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and
molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and
half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of
collision theory (elementary
idea, no mathematical treatment).Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.
Unit 6 :
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Principles and methods of extraction
– concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and
principle of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron
Unit 7: p-Block
Elements
Group 15
elements: General
introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states,trends in physical and chemical
properties; nitrogen – preparation, properties and uses;compounds of nitrogen;
preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only);
Phoshorous-allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous; preparation
and properties of phosphine,
halides (PCl3,PCl5) and oxoacids
(elementary idea only).
Group 16
elements: General
introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,trends in physical and chemical
properties; dioxygen; preparation, properties and uses;
Classification
of oxides, simple
oxides; Ozone.
Sulphur – allotropic forms;
compounds of sulphur; preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphurc acid;
industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
Group 17
elements: General
introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence,trends in physical and chemical
properties; compounds of halogens; preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and
hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structure only).
Group 18
elements: General
introduction, electronic configuration. Occurrence, trends in physical and chemical
properties, uses.
Unit 8 : d and
f Block Elements
d-Block
Elements -
General introduction, electronic
configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in
properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation
states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial
compounds, alloy formation preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
f-Block
Elements-
Lanthanoids – Electronic
configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its
consequences. Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states.
Comparison with
lanthanoids.
Unit 9:
Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds –
Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC
nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding;Werner’s
theory, VBT,CFT. isomerism, (Structural
and stereo) importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative
analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems).
Unit 10 :
Halogen derivatives of alkanes (and arenes)
Haloalkanes : Nomenclature,
nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions.Stability
of carbocations,R-S and d-l configuration Haloarenes : Nature of C-X
bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only) stability
of carbocations, R-S and d-l configurations. Uses and environmental effects of –
dichloromethane, thrichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Unit 11 :
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols: Nomenclature,
methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification
of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses of methanol
and ethanol.
Phenols: Nomenclature,
methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic
substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Ethers : Nomenclature,
methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit 12 :
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes and
Ketones : Nomenclature,
nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation. Physical and chemical
properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.
Carboxylic
Acids: Nomenclature,
acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Unit 13:
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
Nitro
compounds-General methods of preparation and chemical reactions
Amines : Nomenclature, classification,
structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification
of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Cyanides and
Isocyanides: Will be mentioned at relevant places in context.
Diazonium
salts: Preparation,
chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit 14:
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates: Classification
(aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides d-l configuration (glucose and fructose),
oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen),
importance.
Proteins: Elementary idea
of -amino acids, peptide, linkage, polypeptides, proteins; structure of amines-primary, secondary,
tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins;
enzymes.
Lipids and
Hormones (elementary idea) excluding structure, their classification and
functions.
Vitamins: Classification
and functions.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
Unit 15:
Polymers
Classification - natural and
synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important
polymers; natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, and
rubber.Biodegradable and non biodegradable polymers.
Unit 16:
Chemistry in Everyday life :
1. Chemicals in medicines: analgesics,
tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs,
antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines (elementary idea of antioxidants)
2. Chemicals in food: Preservatives,
artificial sweetening agents.
3. Cleansing agents: Soaps
and detergents, cleansing action.
Chemistry
Practical Syllabus
Std. XII
A. Chemical
Kinetics (Any
one of the following) :
(a) Effect of concentration and
temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
(b) Study of reaction rate of
any one of the following:
(i) Reaction of iodide ion with
hydrogen peroxide at room temperature using different concentration of iodide ions.
(ii) Reaction between potassium
iodate, KIO3
and
sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) using starch solution as indicator (clock
reaction).
(c) Acid hydrolysis of ethyl
acetate.
B.
Thermochemistry
Any one of the following
experiments:
i] Enthalpy of dissolution of
copper sulphate or potassium nitrate.
ii] Enthalpy of neutralization
of strong acid (HCI) and strong base (NaOH).
iii] Determination of enthalpy
change during interaction (hydrogen bond formation) between acetone and chloroform.
iv] Heat of displacement of Cu
from CuSO4
by
Zn.
C.
Electrochemistry
Variation of cell potential in
Zn|Zn2+||Cu2+|Cu with change
in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO4 or ZnSO4) at room
temperature (demonstration).
D.
Chromatography (demonstration)
(i) Separation of pigments from
extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography and determination of Rf values.
(ii) Separation of constituents
present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only (constituents having large
difference in Rf values to be provided).
E. Preparation
of Inorganic Compounds
(i) Preparation of double salt
of ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.
(ii) Preparation of potassium
ferric oxalate.
F. Preparation
of Organic Compounds
(i) p-Nitrocetanilide
(ii) Aniline yellow or 2-
Napthol aniline dye.
(iii) Iodoform
(iv) Phthalic or succinic
anhydride.
(v) Di-benzal acetone
G. Tests for
the functional groups present in organic compounds
Unsaturation, alcoholic,
phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (primary) groups.
H.
Characteristic tests of arbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure samples and
their
detection in
given food stuffs.
I.
Determinaiton of concentration/molarity of KMnO4 solution by
titrating it against a
standard
solution of:
(i) Oxalic acid
(ii) Ferrous ammonium sulphate
(Students will be required to
prepare standard solutions by weighing themselves).
J. Qualitative
analysis
1) Determination of two cations
from a given mixture of salts.
2) Determination of two anions
from a given mixture of salts.
Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+,
NH4+,
Anions – CO32-,
SO32-, SO42-,No2- NO3-,
Cl-, Br-, I-, PO43-C2O42-CH3COO-
(Note :
Insoluble salts excluded.)
PROJECT
Scientific investigations
involving laboratory testing and collecting information
From other sources.
A few suggested
Projects:
1 Study of
presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
2 Study of
quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.
3 Preparation
of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to
curd formation,
effect of temperature, etc.
4 Study of the
effect of potassium bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions
(temperature,
concentration, time etc).
5 Study of
digestion of starch by salivary amylase and, effect of pH and temperature on
it.
6 Comparative
study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat
flour, gram
flour, potato juice, carrot juice, etc.
7 Extraction of
essential oils present in Saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi
(cardamom).
8 Study of
common food adulterants in fat, butter, sugar, turmeric powder, chilli
powder and
pepper.
Note
: Any investigatory project, can be chosen with the approval of the teacher.
